쿠버네티스를 사용하다 보면, x509 인증서 에러의 대한 이야기를 많이 보게 됩니다. 이 에러의 원인과 해결 방법에 대해서 알아보도록 하겠습니다.
Table of Contents
01. x.509 인증서 에러가 도대체 뭐야 ?
01) 인증서는 어떻게 탄생했을까 ?
원래 컴퓨터와 컴퓨터간의 통신에서는 평문을 통한 전송 만을 수행하였습니다. 그 과정에서 외부에 감청 및 변조된 패킷을 보내는 일들이 발생하기 시작했습니다. 이를 방지하기 위해서 암호화 하여 통신하도록 계획 하였습니다.
암호화의 기본은 데이터를 보내는 측에서는 암호화를 받는 측에서는 복호화가 가능해야 합니다. 일반적으로, 암호화 복호화 키는 동일하지 않은 비대칭 키를 사용해서 진행하게 되는데, 우리가 B 와 통신하기 위해서는 B에게 어떤 키를 사용할지 미리 알고 있어야 안전한 통신이 되는지 확인할 수 있게 되었습니다.
그래서, 과거에는 암호화 키(공용키) 를 공개 하여, 이 키로 암호화 해주세요 라고 외쳤지만, 한번 더 보안을 신경쓰는 경우가 생기기 시작하였습니다.
내가 B 서버 인데, 옆에 있던 C가 마치 B 인 마냥 내가 B 이니 이 키로 암호화 해주세요 하고 공개 해버린 것 입니다.
이 문제를 해결하기 위해서, IT 기관들은 정말 믿을수 있는 최상위 인증 기관(ROOT-CA)을 선정하여, 암호화키를 전달할때 암호화 키만 전달하는 것이 아닌, 암호화 키 + 어떤 서버의 것이다 + 인증기관의 대한 정보 3가지를 합쳐서, 인증서를 발급해주기 시작하였고, 이를 통해 서버를 속일 수 없게 만들었습니다.
02) 그래서, 인증서 에러의 원인은 ?
쿠버네티스는 보안 통신(TLS)을 위해 인증서를 통해 데이터 통신을 하고 있습니다. 이를 위해 인증서를 사용하고 있지만, 믿을 만한 인증기관인 ROOT-CA가 아닌 자신이 작성한 인증서를 통해 데이터 통신을 하고 있습니다.
그렇기에, 서버에 접근하려는 대상은 인증서 자체를 믿을수 없기에 에러를 발생하게 되었습니다.
02. 해결 방법
01) 인증기관의 인증서가 아니더라도 허용하는 방법 (–insecure)
아래 방식은 새롭게 등록하는 방식으로 진행 합니다.
동작하는 도중 EDIT 을 통해서 진행해도 되나, 파일에 기록되지 않는 단점이 있어 삭제 후 파일을 수정하여 배포합니다.
(01) 기존의 메트릭 서버 정보를 삭제 합니다.
(02) 배포되는 yml 파일의 내용 중 (–insecure-tls) 를 추가 합니다.
배포 파일을 수정 모드로 열기 합니다.
vim components.yml
키워드 찾기 : /[찾을 키워드] -> /args
... spec: containers: - args: - --cert-dir=/tmp - --kubelet-insecure-tls (추가) - --secure-port=4443 - --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP,ExternalIP,Hostname - --kubelet-use-node-status-port - --metric-resolution=15s ...
수정 파일을 배포 합니다.
kubectl apply -f components.yml
이후 정상적으로 운영 되는지 확인 합니다.
02) 다른 방법
인증기관 정보에 내 서버 정보 추가하는 방법도 있습니다. 다만, 작업 자체가 조금 긴 편이라. 다음 포스팅에 시간이 된다면 작성해 보겠습니다.
child porn
kurdish porn
pin up 306: pin-up oyunu – pin-up kazino
pin-up casino giris https://azerbaijancuisine.com/# pin-up oyunu
pin up azerbaycan yukle
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
https://northern-doctors.org/# medication from mexico pharmacy
mexican rx online [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]northern doctors[/url] purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexican rx online: mexican northern doctors – medication from mexico pharmacy
http://northern-doctors.org/# buying from online mexican pharmacy
mexican pharmaceuticals online: northern doctors pharmacy – reputable mexican pharmacies online
http://northern-doctors.org/# mexican rx online
medicine in mexico pharmacies: mexican pharmacy online – mexican rx online
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican pharmacy online – mexican mail order pharmacies
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican pharmacy northern doctors[/url] mexican rx online
https://northern-doctors.org/# medication from mexico pharmacy
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican pharmacy northern doctors – mexican mail order pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
buying from online mexican pharmacy: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – buying prescription drugs in mexico
mexican mail order pharmacies: northern doctors – mexico drug stores pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# best online pharmacies in mexico
medication from mexico pharmacy [url=http://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican pharmacy online[/url] mexican mail order pharmacies
best online pharmacies in mexico: mexican pharmacy online – medicine in mexico pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexico drug stores pharmacies
reputable mexican pharmacies online: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexico drug stores pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
best online pharmacies in mexico: northern doctors pharmacy – reputable mexican pharmacies online
mexico pharmacy: mexican pharmacy online – mexican drugstore online
http://northern-doctors.org/# reputable mexican pharmacies online
mexican pharmaceuticals online [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican pharmacy online[/url] buying prescription drugs in mexico
mexico pharmacy: northern doctors pharmacy – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
http://northern-doctors.org/# pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
mexico pharmacy: mexican pharmacy online – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
buying from online mexican pharmacy [url=http://northern-doctors.org/#]Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa[/url] mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican drugstore online: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican pharmacy online – reputable mexican pharmacies online
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa: northern doctors pharmacy – mexican drugstore online
https://northern-doctors.org/# п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican drugstore online: northern doctors – mexico pharmacy
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexico drug stores pharmacies
http://northern-doctors.org/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
reputable mexican pharmacies online: northern doctors pharmacy – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]northern doctors[/url] mexican mail order pharmacies
medicine in mexico pharmacies: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexican mail order pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican pharmaceuticals online
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican pharmacy northern doctors – mexico drug stores pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# medication from mexico pharmacy
mexican drugstore online: mexican pharmacy online – mexico pharmacy
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: northern doctors pharmacy – mexico drug stores pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexico drug stores pharmacies
reputable mexican pharmacies online: reputable mexican pharmacies online – mexican pharmaceuticals online
https://northern-doctors.org/# pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican pharmacy – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
purple pharmacy mexico price list: mexican pharmacy online – reputable mexican pharmacies online
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican northern doctors – buying from online mexican pharmacy
medication from mexico pharmacy: mexican northern doctors – mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexican pharmacy: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – best online pharmacies in mexico
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexico drug stores pharmacies: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexican pharmacy
http://northern-doctors.org/# mexican pharmacy
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: northern doctors pharmacy – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
https://cmqpharma.online/# mexican pharmaceuticals online
purple pharmacy mexico price list
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies [url=https://cmqpharma.online/#]cmqpharma.com[/url] mexico pharmacy
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs [url=https://cmqpharma.online/#]mexican pharmacy online[/url] best online pharmacies in mexico
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies [url=https://cmqpharma.online/#]mexico pharmacy[/url] purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexican drugstore online [url=https://cmqpharma.com/#]cmq pharma mexican pharmacy[/url] mexico pharmacy
mexico drug stores pharmacies [url=http://cmqpharma.com/#]mexican pharmacy[/url] mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
best online pharmacies in mexico: mexico pharmacy – purple pharmacy mexico price list
purple pharmacy mexico price list
http://cmqpharma.com/# mexican mail order pharmacies
mexican rx online
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies [url=http://cmqpharma.com/#]mexican pharmacy[/url] mexican pharmacy
best online pharmacies in mexico [url=https://cmqpharma.online/#]mexican pharmacy online[/url] mexico pharmacy
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs [url=https://cmqpharma.com/#]cmqpharma.com[/url] mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican mail order pharmacies [url=http://cmqpharma.com/#]cmqpharma.com[/url] medication from mexico pharmacy
http://cmqpharma.com/# medication from mexico pharmacy
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa [url=https://cmqpharma.com/#]mexican online pharmacy[/url] п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
You actually make it seem really easy together with
your presentation however I in finding this matter to be actually something that I feel I’d by no means
understand. It kind of feels too complicated
and extremely extensive for me. I am having a look ahead for your next submit, I’ll try to get the
dangle of it! Lista escape room
Remarkable! Its in fact remarkable article, I have got much clear idea regarding from this
article.
mexican pharmacy: cmqpharma.com – purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexico drug stores pharmacies
https://cmqpharma.online/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican rx online
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: п»їbest mexican online pharmacies – medication from mexico pharmacy
https://indiapharmast.com/# indian pharmacies safe
online canadian pharmacy: canadian pharmacy 24h com safe – best canadian pharmacy online
buy prescription drugs from india [url=https://indiapharmast.com/#]top 10 online pharmacy in india[/url] indian pharmacy
indian pharmacy: cheapest online pharmacy india – reputable indian online pharmacy
best india pharmacy: Online medicine order – reputable indian online pharmacy
best online canadian pharmacy: canadian pharmacy in canada – canadadrugpharmacy com
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs [url=http://foruspharma.com/#]best online pharmacies in mexico[/url] medication from mexico pharmacy
https://canadapharmast.online/# canadian pharmacy tampa
canadian pharmacy: canadianpharmacymeds com – canadian pharmacy antibiotics
canadian online pharmacy: canadian compounding pharmacy – canada drugs online review
real canadian pharmacy: reliable canadian pharmacy – canada drug pharmacy
canadapharmacyonline [url=https://canadapharmast.online/#]maple leaf pharmacy in canada[/url] best canadian online pharmacy
http://canadapharmast.com/# the canadian pharmacy
canada pharmacy reviews: online pharmacy canada – canada drugs reviews
mexican mail order pharmacies: mexico drug stores pharmacies – mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexican pharmaceuticals online: mexican pharmaceuticals online – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
This site certainly has all the information I wanted concerning this subject and didn’t know who to ask.
http://ciprodelivery.pro/# ciprofloxacin generic price
cipro for sale: cipro – buy generic ciprofloxacin
https://amoxildelivery.pro/# amoxicillin 500 mg online
п»їpaxlovid [url=https://paxloviddelivery.pro/#]paxlovid pharmacy[/url] buy paxlovid online
http://doxycyclinedelivery.pro/# doxycycline 300 mg tablet
Aw, this was a very good post. Spending some time and actual effort to produce a good article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and don’t manage to get nearly anything done.
https://paxloviddelivery.pro/# paxlovid covid
amoxicillin generic brand [url=http://amoxildelivery.pro/#]buying amoxicillin online[/url] amoxil generic
cheap clomid online: can i purchase clomid price – order generic clomid tablets
http://amoxildelivery.pro/# buy amoxicillin without prescription
Howdy! This post could not be written much better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He constantly kept talking about this. I am going to send this article to him. Pretty sure he’s going to have a good read. Many thanks for sharing!
http://paxloviddelivery.pro/# paxlovid pharmacy
paxlovid buy [url=https://paxloviddelivery.pro/#]buy paxlovid online[/url] paxlovid price
https://clomiddelivery.pro/# can i get generic clomid without dr prescription
doxycycline medication pills: doxycycline capsule 100mg price – where can you buy doxycycline online
https://ciprodelivery.pro/# ciprofloxacin 500mg buy online
https://paxloviddelivery.pro/# paxlovid pill
paxlovid for sale [url=https://paxloviddelivery.pro/#]paxlovid india[/url] paxlovid generic
http://ciprodelivery.pro/# ciprofloxacin generic price
amoxicillin 500 mg without prescription: amoxicillin for sale online – amoxicillin buy canada
http://clomiddelivery.pro/# where to get clomid without insurance
get cheap clomid online [url=http://clomiddelivery.pro/#]buying cheap clomid without dr prescription[/url] clomid prices
https://amoxildelivery.pro/# rexall pharmacy amoxicillin 500mg
https://paxloviddelivery.pro/# Paxlovid buy online
order cheap clomid for sale [url=https://clomiddelivery.pro/#]where buy generic clomid without rx[/url] cheap clomid no prescription
buy doxycycline hyclate 100mg without a rx: doxycycline 50 – doxycycline 75 mg coupon
http://paxloviddelivery.pro/# paxlovid pharmacy
I blog quite often and I really appreciate your content. The article has really peaked my interest. I’m going to bookmark your site and keep checking for new details about once a week. I opted in for your Feed too.
https://paxloviddelivery.pro/# paxlovid cost without insurance
ciprofloxacin [url=https://ciprodelivery.pro/#]cipro for sale[/url] antibiotics cipro
http://paxloviddelivery.pro/# paxlovid generic
doxycycline 500mg price in india: how to get doxycycline prescription – doxycycline tablets where to buy
clomid cost: where to get generic clomid price – cost of cheap clomid without a prescription